Question for Programmers and the Like

A lot of the stuff in this thread is the kind of stuff that might be covered in a systems programming (sophomore-level) or operating systems (junior-level) course in college.

And to add to this it's far too in depth to be pissed off at people for only providing high level answers over.
If the general answers being given aren't enough for someone they need to go google stuff, because this is asking far too much that will devolve into far too many directions because there is no simple easy answer. This is several entire fields of study with conflicting approaches, different objectives, numerous implementations past present and planned and simply outside the scope of reasonable expectation.